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EpisiotomyThis page contains recent news articles, when available, and an overview of Episiotomy but does not offer medical advice. You should contact your physician with regard to any health issues or concerns.News: Episiotomy One of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States--an incision many pregnant women receive to make childbirth less damaging--has no ... Pay-Per-View - Chicago Tribune - ProQuest Archiver Episiotomy: Can you deliver a baby without one? - Jun 20, 2008 An episiotomy was once a routine part of childbirth — but the procedure isn't always necessary. Here's what you need to know about episiotomy risks, ... CNN International Episiotomy - Surgery Procedures & Risks - NY Times Health Information - Sep 2, 2009 Episiotomy is a procedure in which the skin between the vagina and anus is cut. (This area is called the perineum.) Episiotomy is done occasionally to ... New York Times Is episiotomy really a necessary surgery? - May 5, 2005 Doctors are now questioning the need for this common procedure performed during childbirth. Gynecologist Iffath Hoskins explains ... msnbc.com Episiotomy should be exception, not rule ; Group says delivery... - Mar 31, 2006 Last year, [Katherine Hartmann] was the lead author of a literature review in the Journal of the American Medical Association that pulled together data from ... Pay-Per-View - The Sun - ProQuest Archiver Episiotomy raises tear risk in next delivery - Jun 17, 2008 By David Douglas. NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Episiotomy, an incision of the perineum intended to prevent tearing during the delivery of baby, ... Reuters India Best approach to episiotomy unclear - Dec 24, 2008 NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A pilot study of routine versus restrictive use of episiotomy during operative vaginal delivery has not provided conclusive ... Reuters UK The New York Times > Health > Slide Show > Episiotomy > Slide 2 of 4 - Aug 1, 2007 An episiotomy may be needed if the baby's head is too big for the mother's vaginal opening, or the baby is in a breech position (feet or buttocks coming ... New York Times Millions for boy, eight, brain-damaged at birth - May 11, 2006 The court was told that the midwife in sole charge of the birth may have had a strong objection to performing an episiotomy. The procedure, performed during ... The Guardian Review: Episiotomies may bring more risks - May 3, 2005 An episiotomy is usually a small cut — deeper than the width of a large ... Women are more likely to get an episiotomy at some hospitals, Hartmann said. ... USA TODAY - USA Today Health Highlights: Dec. 13, 2007 - Dec 13, 2007 The experts recommended that obstetricians should end routine use of episiotomy, an incision to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth, ... ABC News Staff Training Reduces Postpartum Bleeding, Episiotomies - Apr 30, 2008 Also, the episiotomy rate at hospitals receiving the instruction remained relatively stable at each. Given the results, the researchers suggested that ... Washington Post THE NATION; Study Says Birth Cut Rarely Helps - May 4, 2005 Women who undergo an episiotomy to aid childbirth or to prevent tearing at the ... About one-third of U.S. mothers have an episiotomy during childbirth ... Pay-Per-View - Los Angeles Times - ProQuest Archiver Birth intervention: the facts on private v public - Nov 29, 2009 ...''I don't think people paying for private care want an episiotomy. No one wants that,'' said the mother-of-two, referring to the much higher rates of ... Sydney Morning Herald Operation Saves Mother, but a 330-Pound Baby Is Stillborn - Jun 9, 2006 An eight-member team gathered on Thursday morning to perform the procedure, similar in concept to an episiotomy in human births but much rarer -- with only ... New York Times Post-childbirth codeine may harm baby - Aug 21, 2008 The baby boy's mother had been prescribed an acetaminophen-codeine pill to alleviate pain from an episiotomy, a surgical procedure to enlarge the vaginal ... Toronto Star Women Encouraged to Ask Doctors About Episiotomy - May 14, 2007 By Andrea L. Hall. Two years after a landmark study called for an end to routine episiotomies, the procedure is still performed in about one-quarter of ... Women's eNews Two-tier NHS care for pregnant women ready to pay £4,000 - Jan 23, 2006 One-to-one care has been found to reduce the level of epidural anaesthetic by 30 per cent and lower the need for episiotomy. ... Telegraph.co.uk … has no benefits Study; Episiotomy causes complications Increases... - May 6, 2005 The Star. Photos · Video · Columnists · Blogs · Podcasts · RSS · Newsletters · Alerts · Toronto Star · Advanced Search | Full Text Article Archive · NOTICES ... Pay-Per-View - Toronto Star - ProQuest Archiver Telegraph Birth Guide: making birth plans - Apr 28, 2008 Episiotomy: Most women want to avoid an episiotomy unless it is absolutely necessary, so put this in your birth plan. Caesarean sections: Do you want to try ... Telegraph.co.uk We are doing our best, midwives say - Aug 31, 2007 ...(An episiotomy is an incision that is made to widen the vaginal opening - something the midwives in Siloan's case did not do, even after discovering the ... Canada.com Blair Wins Third Time As Brit ... - May 8, 2005 In addition, an episiotomy increases the risk of sexual difficulties later and does not ... An episiotomy is an incision that doctors make in the perineum, ... Pay-Per-View - Washington Post - ProQuest Archiver … a randomized controlled trial of episiotomy: consequences for women - Mar 15, 2006 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether physicians' beliefs concerning episiotomy are related to ... RESULTS: Women attended by physicians who viewed episiotomy very ... CMAJ Episiotomy delivers doctor to court, settlement reached - Apr 16, 2007 Before the medical malpractice trial of a Jefferson County doctor began on Monday, April 16, prospective jurors were warned the content of the trial ... Southeast Texas Record Health & Medicine - May 8, 2005 A new analysis of episiotomy, the surgical snip to enlarge the opening for vaginal births, ... An episiotomy also shortens the time a woman spends pushing, ... U.S. News & World Report Midwife in stillbirth pleads guilty. - Sep 12, 2006 They concern the welfare of the mother during the birthing and measures that Dentice is accused of using, among them an episiotomy involving scissors and ... Free with registration - Milwaukee Journal Sentinel - AccessMyLibrary.com Labor,Delivery,and Postpartum Period - Active Labor, Second Stage - Dec 5, 2007 Or he or she may make an incision in the perineum (episiotomy). This is not recommended unless there is a medical need. Your medical staff will be ready to ... WebMD What makes a good doctor? - Feb 15, 2005 For example, obstetricians in private practice are more likely to surgically cut women to ease delivery, a practice called episiotomy that is increasingly ... Boston Globe HEALTH-LATAM: Pregnant Women Are Not 'Patients' - Jan 8, 2010 The episiotomy, an incision made in the area between the vagina and anus ... Despite the fact that routine use of the episiotomy has been abandoned in many ... Inter Press Service Massage For Childbirth Prep May Reduce Episiotomy Rate - Jan 26, 2006 Low-tech, at-home preparation in the last month before childbirth could help pregnant mothers avoid one of the more common surgeries performed on women in ... Medical News Today - Medical News Today (press release) Effect of Episiotomy on Pelvic Floor Weakness - Feb 1, 2005 Episiotomy is commonly performed during delivery in the belief that it prevents perineal lacerations, pelvic floor relaxations, and incontinence, ... AAFP News Now 'Gross-out factor' makes episiotomy story most-viewed for 2007 - Jan 3, 2008 Since its first publication in April 2007, the Southeast Texas Record has written about hundreds of Hurricane Rita-related lawsuits, asbestos injury claims, ... Southeast Texas Record Massage for Childbirth Prep May Reduce Episiotomy Rate - Jan 31, 2006 Low-tech, at-home preparation in the last month before childbirth could help pregnant mothers avoid one of the more common surgeries performed on women in ... emaxhealth.com No Benefits from Episiotomy, Study Finds - May 3, 2005 Routine use of episiotomy for uncomplicated vaginal births has no benefits and actually causes more complications, according to a review of scientific ... Consumer Affairs Massage for childbirth prep may reduce episiotomy rate - Jan 24, 2006 Low-tech, at-home preparation in the last month before childbirth could help pregnant mothers avoid one of the more common surgeries performed on women in ... eurekalert.org Reduce chances of your having an episiotomy - Nov 22, 2005 Episiotomies - the surgical cuts doctors make during delivery to widen the birth canal - have been thought to reduce the chance of tearing. ... $2.95 - Kansas City Star - NewsBank Copyright Harvard Health Publications 2007 - Aug 27, 2007 This procedure is called an episiotomy. As late as the 1980s, many doctors believed that doing a routine episiotomy during vaginal delivery would help to ... HealthCentral.com Routine episiotomy offers women no benefits or relief: review notes … - Jun 1, 2005 Routine episiotomy offers women no benefits or relief: review notes longer recovery, some harm.(News) ... find OB GYN News articles. Pay-Per-View - OB GYN News - HighBeam Research … recommends that physicians restrict episiotomy.(Practice Guideline... - Dec 1, 2006 Although episiotomy is performed in approximately one third of vaginal births in the United States, prophylactic use of the procedure does not result in ... $4.95 - American Family Physician - ECNext USNews.com: Health: In Brief: Pregnancy, Infertility, and Infants:... - Dec 21, 2009 Women in labor are often given an episiotomy—a short incision to enlarge the ... They compare routine episiotomy to routine tonsillectomy for children, ... U.S. News & World Report Public Health Agency of Canada: Note to Editors - Dec 2, 2008 The national episiotomy rate has declined dramatically in the past decade. An episiotomy is a surgical incision made at the vaginal opening during birth, ... International Business Times Get a computer and crosscheck your doctor's prescription - Feb 4, 2007 Through a systematic review of medical studies published on episiotomy, Belizan showed that the procedure was not only unjustified, but possibly harmful. ... Calcutta Telegraph Outcomes of Routine Episiotomy - May 4, 2005 Katherine Hartmann, MD, PhD; Meera Viswanathan, PhD; Rachel Palmieri, BS; Gerald Gartlehner, MD, MPH; John Thorp, Jr, MD; Kathleen N. Lohr, PhD ... Journal of American Medical Association - Journal of American Medical Association... Vaginal massage during pregnancy avoids Episiotomy procedure - Jan 26, 2006 Professor Michael Beckmann and his colleagues have reported in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews that massage technique to the lower genital tract ... MedIndia Experts: Too Many Episiotomies in US - Aug 26, 2005 A study looking at episiotomy rates around the world shows that a third of American ... Researchers reported that rates of episiotomy -- cutting of the skin ... FOXNews Episiotomy.(Women's Health Advisor 2007) - May 31, 2007 An episiotomy widens the opening of the vagina for childbirth. It is a 1- to 3-inch long (2 to 4 cm) cut made between the opening of the vagina and the ... $4.95 - Clinical Reference Systems - ECNext Sabrina Bench Presses Sons And Starves Self In Name Of Hotness - Nov 16, 2008 At this point, the only time she hears â€?cutâ€? is during her latest episiotomy. I'm not sure people even remember who she is. Soooo imagine my pure joy when I ... TheInsider.com Five operations you don't want to get - Mar 20, 2009 Many doctors now reserve episiotomy for cases when the baby is in distress. ... "We asked women who'd delivered vaginally with episiotomy in 2005 whether ... WWLP 22News … Used Successfully in Laceration and Episiotomy Repairs: Presented... - May 10, 2006 ...at their institution who used blunt needles to perform laceration and episiotomy repairs in vaginal deliveries from November 2004 through June 2005. ... DG News Episiotomy during childbirth--no benefit, much damage. - Jul 1, 2005 It's the most common surgical procedure performed on American women. And would you be surprised to learn that it is overdone? Episiotomy, the surgical ... Pay-Per-View - HealthFacts - Factiva, from Dow Jones Codeine in Breast Milk Can Pose Risk - Aug 22, 2008 ..."With nearly half of all infants in North America being delivered by Caesarean section or after episiotomy, there is clearly a requirement for pain relief ... RedOrbit RTN Ask the Specialist - Mar 30, 2009 When we do have to cut ladies in labour (episiotomy), a small surgical incision ... An episiotomy should always be performed for a valid reason - having a ... Rundtownnews.co.uk Study: episiotomy offers no maternal benefits.(News) | Article from... - Jun 1, 2005 Study: episiotomy offers no maternal benefits.(News) ... find Family Practice News articles. Routine use of episiotomy for un-complicated vaginal births ... Pay-Per-View - Family Practice News - HighBeam Research AHRQ Review of Routine Episiotomy in Uncomplicated Births - Jun 15, 2005 The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has reviewed the use of routine episiotomy in uncomplicated vaginal births. “The Use of Episiotomy in ... AAFP News Now Episiotomy. - May 24, 2006 What is an episiotomy? When is it used? An episiotomy is used: * to avoid a more severe tear into the vagina and rectum * in most forceps and breech ... $4.95 - Clinical Reference Systems - ECNext Episiotomy Benefits A Myth, Review Says . - May 4, 2005 CHICAGO — For years, some doctors thought an episiotomy, an incision to enlarge ... An episiotomy is usually a small cut — deeper than the width of a large ... Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive MS: Mississippi Regulation - 102.02 Birthing Center. - Mar 2, 2007 Surgical services shall be limited to those normally performed during uncomplicated childbirth, such as episiotomy and repair, and shall not include ... Pay-Per-View - MS: Mississippi Regulation - Loislaw Little or no benefit to episiotomy.(Pregnancy And Birth)(Brief... - Jun 22, 2005 Little or no benefit to episiotomy.(Pregnancy And Birth)(Brief Article) ... find Special Delivery articles. There is little or no benefit to the routine use ... Pay-Per-View - Special Delivery - HighBeam Research Episiotomy during childbirth--no benefit, much damage. | Article from... - Jul 1, 2005 Episiotomy during childbirth--no benefit, much damage. ... find HealthFacts articles. It's the most common surgical procedure performed on American women. Pay-Per-View - HealthFacts - HighBeam Research EBSCOhost Connection: Episiotomy. - Jan 1, 2005 Episiotomy: The article presents information on episiotomy, a surgical procedure that involves cutting the perineum, the skin between the vagina and the ... Subscription - Episiotomy - EBSCO Publishing Episiotomy should not be routine.(Literature Monitor) - Jun 1, 2005 Hartmann K, Viswanathan M, Palmieri R, et al. Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005;293:2141-2148. ... $4.95 - Clinician Reviews - ECNext Study urges halt to episiotomies . - May 7, 2005 ...creases the risk i issue tears, leading to more pain, more stitches and a longer after childbirth In addition, an episiotomy increases the risk of sexual ... Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Sex and birth control after childbirth.(Women's Health Advisor 2007) - May 31, 2007 If you had an episiotomy, you should wait at least 3 to 4 weeks before having sex so it can heal. If you had a Cesarean section you should wait at least 4 ... $4.95 - Clinical Reference Systems - ECNext Routine procedure during childbirth provides no benefits, study... - Sep 5, 2005 An episiotomy is an incision made at the vaginal opening during a birth. ... In routine births, women without episiotomy were found to have less pain with ... innovations report Proper care needed to ease labour pains, says educator - Nov 19, 2009 Soon after, her doctor performed a big episiotomy (a surgical incision to enlarge the ... A routine use of episiotomy is not recommended, says Sooriyakala ... Times of India EBSCOhost Connection: episiotomy doesn't make the cut. - Jul 1, 2005 Mothering: The article cites that according to a systematic review of existing studies published in the May 4, 2005, edition of the "Journal of the American ... Subscription - Mothering - EBSCO Publishing Article: String of ACOG press releases support normal birth.(American... - Mar 22, 2006 Washington, DC -- The use of episiotomy during labor should be ... Episiotomy is the term ... routinely performed episiotomies on first deliveries ... ... Pay-Per-View - Special Delivery - HighBeam Research MO: episiotomy sutures break-infection results: cour error held not … - Oct 1, 2005 MO: episiotomy sutures break-infection results: cour error held not prejudical & not reversile.(Medical Law Cases of Note)(Egan v. Duello, No. Pay-Per-View - Medical Law's Regan Report - HighBeam Research MO: episiotomy sutures break-infection results: cour error held not … - Oct 1, 2005 CASE FACTS: Amanda Egan underwent an episiotomy performed by Dr. Deborah Duello after the birth of her daughter. Dr. Duello had been the patient's ... $4.95 - Medical Law's Regan Report - ECNext Article: Episiotomies do more harm than good.(You Heard It Here... - Jul 1, 2005 Article: Episiotomy.(Features) babytalk; May 1, 2006 ; 700+ words ... ... Just because episiotomy was once routine ... wonder if their episiotomies were ... Pay-Per-View - Women's Health Activist - HighBeam Research Effect of Episiotomy on Pelvic Floor Weakness - February 1, 2005 - … - Feb 1, 2005 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in prevalence and is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. In persons with diabetes, vascular complications are ... AAFP News Now Little or no benefit to episiotomy.(Pregnancy And Birth)(Brief... - Jun 22, 2005 There is little or no benefit to the routine use of episiotomies for uncomplicated vaginal births. In fact, most of the reputed benefits of episiotomies can ... $4.95 - Special Delivery - ECNext episiotomy | Definition of episiotomy | HighBeam.com: Online Dictionar... - Jul 12, 2006 Find out what episiotomy means: The Oxford American College Dictionary has the definition of episiotomy. Research related newspaper, magazine, ... Pay-Per-View - Oxford American College Dictionary - HighBeam Research GP LET OFF AFTER HORROR BIRTH FOR FIRST-TIME MUM. - Nov 12, 2005 The baby was delivered with forceps at 7.41pm, with an episiotomy required. The doctor repaired the episiotomy. There was a considerable amount of ooze from ... Free with registration - Asia Africa Intelligence Wire - AccessMyLibrary.com … massage reduces likelihood of episiotomy.(Obstetrics) | Article... - Feb 15, 2006 Perineal massage reduces likelihood of episiotomy.(Obstetrics) ... find OB GYN News articles. Prenatal perineal massage started after 34 weeks of pregnancy ... Pay-Per-View - OB GYN News - HighBeam Research Episiotomy.(Women's Health Advisor 2006) - Nov 1, 2006 An episiotomy widens the opening of the vagina for childbirth. It is a 1- to 3-inch long (2 to 4 cm) cut made between the opening of the vagina and the ... $4.95 - Clinical Reference Systems - ECNext Obligation To Pay Damages. - Sep 1, 2008 He could not say whether doing an episiotomy would have prevented the tears. ... 'If you conclude that the wrongful omission to carry out an episiotomy ... $9.94 - Mondaq Business Briefing - Alacra Store Double Dollar Deals - Apr 3, 2006 Experts studying the after effects of the procedure say obstetricians should avoid performing an episiotomy to aid childbirth unless there is a risk of ... KHQA NHRM officials to undergo training on episiotomies - Apr 23, 2009 For Maria, and thousands of other women, the episiotomy led to an injury ... In the short-term, an episiotomy can lead to haemorrhage, pain or an infection. ... Express Buzz A Common Childbirth Practice: Does It Do More Harm Than Good? - Jan 22, 2010 An episiotomy—a small surgical incision made at the edge of the vagina intended to ease ... A few states require hospitals to report their episiotomy rates. ... People Magazine Estrogen Therapy and the Risk of Cognitive Decline - November 1, 2005... - Nov 1, 2005 Episiotomy is performed during 30 to 35 percent of vaginal births, ... There is no consensus about the use of episiotomy, illustrated by wide practice ... AAFP News Now [Johnson] The Miracle Machine - May 20, 2009 But has any woman ever demanded an episiotomy? The episiotomy may best symbolize the failures of modern medicine. No procedure causes mothers more dread, ... Jackson Free Press Alaska Administrative Code - 12 AAC 14.570. Medications. - Aug 5, 2005 ...lacerations, and episiotomy; (2) cetacaine, applied topically, ... lacerations, and episiotomy; (3) vitamin K, administered by intramuscular injection, ... Pay-Per-View - Alaska Administrative Code - Loislaw Sex and birth control after childbirth.(Women's Health Advisory 2006) - Nov 1, 2006 If you had an episiotomy, you should wait at least 3 to 4 weeks before having sex so it can heal. If you had a Cesarean section you should wait at least 4 ... $4.95 - Clinical Reference Systems - ECNext Alabama Administrative Code - 420-5-13-.08 Surgical Services And Use ... - Aug 17, 2005 ...(1) No surgical procedures shall be performed except episiotomy, repair of episiotomy or laceration, or circumcision. (2) Systemic analgesics and local ... Pay-Per-View - Alabama Administrative Code - Loislaw Australia, Litigation, Mediation & Arbitration, Obligation To Pay... - Jan 9, 2008 He could not say whether doing an episiotomy would have prevented the tears. ... 'If you conclude that the wrongful omission to carry out an episiotomy ... Mondaq News Alerts - Mondaq News Alerts (Registration) Labour pains: 63% of mothers unhappy with care - Oct 24, 2006 They face high chances of having their labour induced and/or artificially accelerated; of enduring an episiotomy; of delivering by Caesarean section and of ... Pay-Per-View - Irish Examiner - Factiva, from Dow Jones Doctors save mom, remove dead 330-pound calf from womb - Jun 8, 2006 30 minutes after the four-hour long surgery to widen her birth canal, an operation similar to a human episiotomy, said zoo spokeswoman Sarah Fedele. ... Auburn Citizen String of ACOG press releases support normal birth.(American College... - Mar 22, 2006 Washington, DC -- The use of episiotomy during labor should be restricted, ... Nonetheless, there is a place for episiotomy for maternal or fetal ... Free with registration - Special Delivery - AccessMyLibrary.com Reducing the frequency of episiotomies through a continuous quality … - Jan 1, 2005 RESULTS: Although the planned reduction in the episiotomy rate was not ... The reduced episiotomy rate among the primiparous women was associated with a ... CMAJ Procedure On Women In Labor Adds Risk; Study Urges Halt To … - May 4, 2005 In addition, an episiotomy increases the risk of sexual difficulties later and ... "The evidence is clear: Routine use of episiotomy is not supported by ... Pay-Per-View - Washington Post - HighBeam Research Your tough gynecology questions — answered! - Oct 2, 2007 Q: Hello, Dr. Reichman, I had an episiotomy during the delivery of my ... A: There are two issues here — breast-feeding and the way the episiotomy healed. ... msnbc.com Study says episiotomies not best option for women; nurses agree.( … - May 16, 2005 Routine use of episiotomy for uncomplicated vaginal births does not provide ... When providers restricted their use of episiotomy, women were more likely to ... Free with registration - Legislative Network for Nurses - AccessMyLibrary.com Ask the doctor: What are the hidden dangers in a Caesarean? - Sep 1, 2008 As for your other question, episiotomy is the deliberate cutting of the skin and ... So an episiotomy is not a failure, it is a way of avoiding a greater ... Daily Mail Health care providers should cut out painful procedure during birth - Aug 26, 2005 Rates of episiotomy being practiced during childbirth are high, ... They discovered that episiotomy rates vary by country as well by region. ... i-newswire.com Health care providers should cut out painful procedure during birth - Aug 25, 2005 Rates of episiotomy being practiced during childbirth are high, ... They discovered that episiotomy rates vary by country as well by region. ... eurekalert.org Health Care Providers Should Cut Out Painful Procedure During Birth - Aug 29, 2005 Rates of episiotomy being practiced during childbirth are high, ... They discovered that episiotomy rates vary by country as well by region. ... i-newswire.com Study says episiotomies not best option for women; nurses agree.( … - May 16, 2005 Legislative Network for Nurses articles. Routine use of episiotomy for uncomplicated vaginal births does not provide immediate or longer term benefits... Pay-Per-View - Legislative Network for Nurses - HighBeam Research Rate and related factors of dyspareunia in reproductive age women: a ... - Oct 6, 2005 The means of gravidity, parity, delivery without episiotomy and vaginal length ... But the means of age, delivery with episiotomy, BMI, perineal length and ... Nature.com Missouri Case Law - EAGAN v. DUELLO, 173 SW3d 341 (Mo.App.WD … - Nov 1, 2005 During labor, Dr. Duello made the decision to perform an episiotomy. An episiotomy Page 345 is a surgical incision made between the bottom of the vagina and ... Pay-Per-View - Missouri Case Law - Loislaw Background information on Episiotomy [When available] An episiotomy /??pi?zi?'??t?mi?/ is a surgical incision through the perineum made to enlarge the vagina and assist delivering the baby. The incision can be midline or at an angle from the posterior end of the vulva, is performed under local anaesthetic and is sutured closed after delivery. It is one of the most common medical procedures performed on women. Uses Physicians use episiotomies to lessen perineal trauma, minimize postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction by reducing anal sphincter muscle damage, reduce the loss of blood at delivery, and protect against neonatal trauma. Episiotomies may be indicated if:
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